Graduate Journal of Pakistan Review (GJPR)

Effect of information Technology on Education

Muzamil Hussain AL Hussaini — 2023-03-29

Education is something that was once not available in certain parts of the world. Even in countries where there was education, there were still many issues with getting it to the general public. There are many advances in Information Technology that have helped education to become more readily available than it once was. Inventions such as the online class room have improved education in a significant way and it is growing around the world every day. Understanding the ways Information Technology has helped with education and the actual effect this made will help you to see how vital Information Technology has become in the education world.

Causes of popularity of ARY news among Pakistani youth

Muhammad Wasif Khan — 2023-03-29

This study examined the popularity of news channels on social media platforms and the news consumption habits and opinions of young people in Pakistan using the uses and gratification theory. The results showed that ARY News has experienced a significant increase in popularity on social media following the ousting of Imran Khan in April 2022 and is the most preferred news channel among respondents aged 16 to 32. This popularity may be due to the perception that ARY News is more unbiased and less prone to spreading misinformation compared to other news channels, as well as its alignment with the interests and values of its audience. The survey results also revealed that a significant majority of respondents use social media as their primary source of news and are interested in political news. Despite these trends, most respondents still believe that ARY News provides the most accurate and reliable news coverage. These findings suggest that news channels should focus on building their presence on social media and strive to be perceived as unbiased and reliable sources of information to attract and retain young viewers. In addition, it may be beneficial for news channels to use social media analytics tools to understand the demographics and interests of their audience and tailor their content accordingly.

Assessing The COVID-19 Trends In Pakistan Using Predictive Machine Learning Techniques: An Empirical Study

HIJAB HASSAN — 2023-03-29

The Coronavirus (also referred to as COVID-19) which started in Wuhan, China on December 2019 has taken the world by storm. Scientists across the globe have used epidemiological models to predict the spread of the virus along with the death rate and make different outbreak predictions. Also, prediction models have been utilized for new policies to control the spread of the virus. Because of the complex and irregular nature of the virus, it has been hard to forecast the trends in different nations specially using conventional mathematical models such as the SIR (Susceptible Infected resistant) model. Therefore, this study analyzes the five waves of COVID-19 that have hit Pakistan since February 2020 using Machine Learning models. Advanced predictive models Predictive models such as Logistic Growth and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (ARIMA) are utilized for predicting and modeling contagion spread trends. The study uses these models to capture the variation in the incidence of daily cases in each province of Pakistan. The time-series data utilized for this study is obtained from the official website of the government of Pakistan; consisting of daily caseload for each region of Pakistan. There are two main contributions of the paper: first, it compares the modeling accuracy of two widely used disease growth models ARIMA, and Logistic Growth Model, in the case of Pakistan. Secondly, it recommends the model better suited for datasets similar to Pakistan, which have fluctuations in numbers. One of the main limitation of this research is that although, one solution for this uncertainty has been the use of Machine Learning predictive techniques, limited data is available for Pakistan. The findings of this research indicated that the logistic model could not model everyday COVID-19 case numbers effectively for the overall pandemic wave, and the model tried to decrease the error, producing an inaccurate plot. However, it showed better results when the waves were divided into smaller sections. The RMSE were less compared to the ARIMA Model. Lastly, the researcher also recommends other models which could be utilized for further modeling of COVID-19 trends in Pakistan.

BeMyVision: Image Capturing System Using Artificial Intelligence

Saba Syed — 2023-03-30

People who are blind or visually impaired often find it difficult to fully engage with the world around them, as they cannot accurately perceive the visual information that sighted people take for granted. As a result, they often require some form of human assistance to navigate their environment and access information. In this project, we aim to use image captioning techniques to help solve this problem. By leveraging a large dataset and machine learning algorithms, we hope to improve the ability to convert captured and stored images into text and speech that can be easily understood by blind individuals. Our project is inspired by recent advancements in multimodal neural networks, which have been successfully used in image captioning systems. Specifically, we will use a combination of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to translate images into text. The CNN will be used for visual feature extraction, while the RNN will be trained on image-sentence ground truth pairings to generate captions. One of the main challenges we face is the language barrier. While there have been numerous studies on image captioning for single-target languages, we aim to develop a system that can generate captions in multiple languages. To achieve this, we will use the GoogleTrans library, which implements the Google Translate API. Our project will follow the AI essentials framework for designing AI products, as well as the Scrum methodology for managing the software development lifecycle. We will begin by collecting a dataset of 8,000 images from the Flicker 8k dataset, and use OCR Tesseract to extract text from any images that contain text. We will then use a pre-trained CNN as a feature extractor, and feed these features into an LSTM, which will generate captions. These captions will be translated into multiple languages using the GoogleTrans library, and finally converted to speech using the gTTS library. Overall, our project aims to improve the lives of blind and visually impaired individuals by providing them with a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of their surroundings. By leveraging machine learning and neural networks, we hope to develop a system that is capable of generating accurate and useful captions in multiple languages, thereby bridging the language barrier and making it easier for blind individuals to access information.

Book Review

Maria Afzal — 2023-03-29

Book Review Article on the book " Designing authentic performance based tasks and projects" The Purpose of this book to help both students and teachers to learn modern techniques and methodologies related Designing authentic task based projects and their implementation.

Book Review

Aleeza Farooq — 2023-03-29

The book “ assessing student learning by design” is intended for preschool and graduate teachers. They can immensely benefit from it by checking out various methods for effectively and purely assessing their students’ achievement and performance. Educational assessment is a multidimensional process. If we see a part “ by design” from the title of this book, it is meant to suggest effective assessment results from good planning and clarity about educational goals, various assessment purposes, diverse audience for assessment, information and types of assessment tools. We seek this justification from the entire book, which comprises seven chapters. In each chapter, Jay and steve provided well-grounded information about particular assessment methods that vary according to the nature and purpose of the assessment.

Both authors have not just mentioned random information but made an effective framework for the assessment process that anyone can follow as a ladder for completing the assessment process. The first step suggested by them is “to make principles about assessment” this means that before judging any student/curriculum, one should make some specifications, the criteria according to which one will assess the students/curriculum. Secondly, “Do Planning” after taking steps provided by the principles. The assessor should properly plan the whole assessment process. Thirdly, an assessor has to go through the “assessment method ” and assimilate and internalize it properly. It means one should focus on how the assessment will be done. Fourthly assessor has to go through the “evaluate student performance” process by following previously discussed steps. Assessors have to check students based on assessment requirements. Fifthly, assessors must “communicate assessing results” after judging a student’s performance. One should politely discuss the result with students so they can reformulate their learning goals and make motivated efforts to overcome those deficiencies. This re-advising should be polite rather than sarcastic so students can correct their errors positively. The sixth step that both authors assigned is “to make strategies for teachers”. By doing this, teachers will also be more self-aware. This will again have a positive effect on students indirectly. In the end, Jay and Steve wind up this framework with a seventh step of “tips for school leaders”. If one wants to do a systematic assessment, he/she should get guidance from the book, be the leader first and be on track to coming out of assessment illiterates in the teaching field so that the whole process can be done leniently without any disturbance.

DPT: Democratic Peace Theory

Khizar Minhas — 2023-03-29

The importance of Democratic Peace Theory and its importance related to international relations. Liberal democracies do not go to war with each other and the reasons why these democratic states resolve conflicts peacefully through negotiations and different diplomatic techniques. Other thing which I will highlight in my essay is Democratic peace theory is proactive form of liberalism and it rely on human and civil rights. Also the neo-liberalism perspective that how strong institutes promote democracy in state which eventually make the state stable economically, politically, and socially. I use different examples of states around the world which were enemies in past but now after becoming liberal democracies how these states transformed their approach and achieve peace and stability. I will also shed some light on the drawbacks of Democratic Peace Theory and how this theory is not applicable on states who are non-democratic and authoritarian in their political structure but enjoy economic stability and peace within the state and also with their neighbouring states. How other theories like realism`s critique on Democratic Peace Theory and its relevancy with regard to international relations and explain the gaps in this theory. Another aspect which is of importance in this essay is why liberal states do not wage war and I explain how political structure and political participation of citizen is crucial. How different democratic institutes and different forms of accountability in liberal states stop leaders of democratic states to wage war? In the end I will conclude that DPT is not only western approach to promote peace and stability but it can be applicable to all states around the world to become peaceful and liberal states.